The most common way to make a sentence negative is to place no
before the verb.
The
English auxiliaries do and does
are not used in Spanish.
EXAMPLES:
·
Juan abre una
cuenta bancaria./ Juan opens a checking account.
·
Juan no
abre la cuenta bancaria./ Juan does not open the checking account.
Affirmative
and negative expressions
NOTE: In
Spanish, double negation is very common, as stated in the examples
below.
ALGO y NADA/ Something and
nothing
Algo
and nada
are invariable and refer to things
and objects.
EXAMPLES:
·
Hay algo
afuera./ There is something outside.
·
No hay nada
en el refrigerador./ There is nothing in the refrigerator.
ALGUIEN y NADIE / Someone and no one
Alguien
and nadie
are invariable and refer to people.
When
alguien, nadie, alguno and ninguno are direct objects, they must be
preceded by the personal a when they refer to a person.
EXAMPLES:
·
Invité a
alguien
a salir./ I asked someone out.
·
No defiendo a
nadie./ I don't defend anybody.
ALGUNO (someone or some) y NINGUNO
(no one or none)
Alguno
and ninguno can refer to people
or things. Furthermore, alguno
and ninguno drop the final -o before masculine singular nouns
similarly, uno/one shortens to un, and bueno/ good to buen.
EXAMPLES:
·
Algún día venderemos
millones./ Some day we'll sell millions.
·
Ningún producto está
fallado./ None of the products is damaged.
NOTE: Ninguno is never used in a
plural form.
ALGUNA VEZ/ Ever
Alguna
vez
is equivalent to ever.
EXAMPLE:
·
¿Has diseñado alguna
vez un logotipo?/ Have you ever designed a logo?
THE
USE OF MULTIPLE NEGATIVE:
1.
Whenever the negative words nada, nadie, nunca, tampoco, jamás, follow
the verb, no must precede the verb, which produces a multiple negative
construction.
EXAMPLE:
·
No como
nunca espinaca./ I never eat spinach.
2. The
negative word can be placed at the end of
the sentence.
EXAMPLE:
·
No como espinaca nunca./
I never
eat spinach.
3. When the
negative word precedes the verb, the word
no is NOT used.
EXAMPLE:
·
Nunca como espinaca./ I never
eat spinach.
DOUBLE
NO
When
the answer to a question is negative, the word no appears twice. It appears at the beginning of
the sentence and also in front of the verb.
EXAMPLE:
·
Juan: ¿Abren
ahora?/ Are you going to open now?
·
Clerk: No,
no abrimos hasta las diez./ No, we don't open until ten.
NOTE: Usually the
subject pronoun is omitted in the answer because the verb ending identifies the
subject, as in the example above.
NUNCA JAMÁS/ never again
Nunca
jamás
is one of the strongest negative
forms that is equivalent to never ever or never again.
EXAMPLE:
·
Nunca jamás ganarán./
They'll never ever win.
NUNCA MÁS/ Never again
Nunca
más
is equivalent to never again.
EXAMPLE:
·
Nunca más vi a Ana./
I have not seen Ana ever again
JAMÁS/ Ever
Jamás
is
used as a superlative and is equivalent to ever.
EXAMPLE:
·
Este projecto es el
más intenso que jamás he empredido./ This project is the most intense that I
have ever
undertaken.
TAMBIÉN/ Also or too
También expresses
the union of two affirmative sentences.
También
means also or too.
EXAMPLES:
·
Yo quiero comer; también
ellos quieren comer./ I want to eat; they want to eat too.
·
Nosotros también
ganamos la competencia./ We also won the competition.
TAMPOCO/ Neither
Tampoco means neither
and is used to unite negative
sentences.
EXAMPLE:
·
Victoria no
comió, y yo tampoco./ Victoria didn't eat and neither did I.
NI/ Nor
Ni
connects
two negative constructions.
EXAMPLE:
·
No quiero ni
comer ni beber./ I don't want to eat or drink.
Ni
siquiera
and sometimes ni are equivalent to not even.
EXAMPLES:
·
Pedro ni
siquiera me saludó./ Pedro did not even greet me.
·
Pedro no quiere
ni
saludarme./ Pedro doesn't even want to greet me.
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